Tutorial 5: Building a 1D model

Welcome to the tutorial for building a 1D model in 3Di. In this tutorial, you will learn to work with a 1D flow model in 3Di. We will start with a database file (.sqlite) that is already partly filled in. The sqlite is not yet complete, so we will add information to the model to get a basic working model that you can run on the 3Di live site. The system in the .sqlite is a non-existent combined sewerage system. The model does not represent a real-world system, but is meant to get acquainted with the different components of a 1D combined sewerage system.

You will learn the following skills in this tutorial:

• Edit an existing .sqlite model database

• Get acquainted with the different elements of a 1D combined sewerage system

• Configure the settings of a 1D model

• Validate your model schematization using the schematization checker

• Compile your model on the 3Di live site

Before you start, please make sure to:

• Install the 3Di Modeller Interface. Please see Installation manual for instructions.

• Install the 3Di toolbox in the Modeller Interface. Please see Plugin Installation for instructions.

• Gain access to the 3Di web portal. Please see the Login to the Live Site for instructions.

• Download the dataset for this tutorial here.

Model initialisation

Model preparation

Unpack the starter package and save the contents into a folder. The dataset that you downloaded for this tutorial contains an partially configured .sqlite database.

Loading the model in the 3Di Modeller Interface

Our model must be imported in the 3Di Modeller Interface to view and modify its contents. The model can be loaded via the 3Di toolbar (part of the 3Di toolbox plug in) by following these steps:

1. Open the 3Di Modeller Interface.

2. Create a new project.

3. Select the select 3Di results button on the 3Di Toolbar (white database icon). [1]

4. Select the load button in the window that pops up, and select the 1D_tutorial.sqlite database in your model folder. [2]

5. You should now see the 3Di model as part of your Modeller Interface layers. [3]

The outlook of the model is depicted in the figure below. Depending on the coordinate system of your screen, it is possible that the model looks a bit ‘distorted’. You can solve this by changing the coordinate system in the lower right corner to EPSG:28992.

Model building

Compile the global settings

The global settings are contained in the v2_global_settings table. For every 3Di model, the v2_global_settings table must be filled in. Follow these steps:

1. Open the attribute table v2_global_settings. [1]

2. Select Toggle editing mode in the top right corner. [2]

3. Select Add feature. [3]

4. Select Switch to form view in the bottom right corner. [4]

Now we can start to configure all settings. 3Di requires you to complete all mandatory settings before changes can be saved. Attempts to save the settings before all mandatory field have been completed will result in an error message. A list of mandatory settings and detailed descriptions can be found in the database overview. Finally, please note that the following settings have been selected specifically for this tutorial.

Let us now fill in the settings of each tab in the global settings table.

Table 18 General

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
id	1
name	1D_tutorial
use_0d_inflow	Use_0d_inflow 1: use v2_impervious_surface	In contrast to the 2D models in the previous tutorials, we use 0D inflow (using the NWRW model) for the 1D model
use_1d_flow	Yes
use_2d_rain	No	In this tutorial, we look at a 1D model, without a 2D component
use_2d_flow	No	In this tutorial, we look at a 1D model, without a 2D component

Table 19 Grid

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
grid_space	2	In a 1D model the grid space is not used, but in order to upload the model this value needs to be filled in.
kmax	1	In a 1D model the grid space is not used, but in order to upload the model this value needs to be filled in.
table_step_size	0.01	See Computational grid

Table 20 Terrain information

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
dem_file	NULL
epsg_code	NULL
frict_coef_file	NULL
frict_coef	0.026	The friction value is not used, but must be filled in in order to upload the model
frict_type	2: Manning	The friction type is not used, but must be filled in in order to upload the model
frict_avg	NULL
initial_groundwater_level_file	NULL
initial_groundwater_level	NULL
initial_groundwater_level_type	(NULL)
initial_waterlevel_file	NULL
initial_waterlevel	-99	The initial water level is not used, but must be filled in in order to upload the model
water_level_ini_type	max	The initial water level type is not used, but must be filled in in order to upload the model
interception_file	NULL
interception_global	NULL
wind_shielding_file	NULL

The terrain information is not relevant for a 1D model, but some information must be filled in, in order to upload the model.

Table 21 Time

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
start_date	2020-01-01
start_time	2020-01-01 00:00:00
sim_time_step	30	in seconds
timestep_plus	No	Only when extra control over the timestep is required
minimum_sim_time_step	NULL	This can be relevant for a 1D model
maximum_sim_time_step	NULL
nr_timesteps	240	for a 2 hour simulation
output_time_step	60	in seconds

Table 22 Setting id’s

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
interflow_settings_id	NULL	No interflow
groundwater_settings_id	NULL	No groundwater
numerical_settings_id	1	Reference to the model specific numerical settings
simple_infiltration_settings_id	NULL	No infiltration
control_group_id	NULL	No control groups

Table 23 Extra options 1D (not relevant as this tutorial does not contain 1D elements)

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
advection_1d	1: Use advection 1d	There are 1D elements
dist_calc_points	10000
manhole_storage_area	NULL	With this setting, you create a storage area with a specified area connected to every manhole
max_angle_1d_advection	NULL
table_step_size_1d	NULL	Only if you want to overwrite the value given under ‘grid’

Table 24 Extra options 2D

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
advection_2d	0: Do not use advection 2d	There are no 2D components
dem_obstacle_detection	NULL
guess_dams	NULL
dem_obstacle_height	NULL
embedded_cutoff_threshold	NULL
flooding_threshold	0.001
table_step_size_volume_2d	NULL

The extra options 2D is not relevant for a 1D model.

Don’t forget to save your changes after completing all settings, by clicking on save edits in the top left corner.

Complete the aggregation settings

The aggregation settings control the aggregation of model results. They are contained in the v2_aggregation_settings table.

As with the previous settings, open the attribute table [1] and toggle the editing mode [2]. However, select switch to table view this time [3].

The different rows of the table refer to different model output categories. For each category, set the global_settings_id to 1. You can either do this manually by filling in 1’s in the column [4], or by:

1. Selecting the column global_settings_id in the drop down menu

2. Typing a 1 in the bar

3. Clicking update All

4. And pressing save edits

Retain the default values for all other settings.

Complete the numerical settings

The numerical settings are contained in the v2_numerical_settings table which can be found under advanced numerics. As with the previous settings, open the attribute table, toggle the editing mode, switch to form view and add a feature. Complete the following settings:

Table 25 General

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
id	1	Must match the numerical_settings_id in the v2_global_settings_table

Table 26 Limiters (not used in this tutorial, only for sloping areas)

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
limiter_grad_1d	1
limiter_grad_2d	0
limiter_slope_crossectional_area_2d	0
limiter_slope_friction_2d	0

Table 27 Matrix

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
convergence_cg	1e-09
convergence_eps	1e-05
use_of_cg	20
use_of_nested_newton	1: When the schematization includes 1D-elements with closed-profiles
max_degree	700: for 1D flow
max_nonlin_iterations	20
precon_cg	1
integration_method	0

Table 28 Thresholds

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
flow_direction_threshold	1e-06
general_numerical_threshold	1e-08
thin_water_layer_definition	0.05
minimum_friction_velocity	0.05
minimum_surface_area	1e-08

Table 29 Miscellaneous

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
cfl_strictness_factor_1d	1
cfl_strictness_factor_2d	1
frict_shallow_water_correction	0
pump_implicit_ratio	1
preissmann_slot	0

The overview of all settings for this tutorial can be referenced here. .. Deze link nog aanpassen naar de pdf als die er is

Complete the v2_pipe settings

We will zoom in on the different components of the model. The model in the .sqlite contains a network of pipes. The different parameters of these pipes can be set in the table v2_pipe. The values and a short explanation of the parameters is given in the tables below. To save time, it is recommended to adjust the parameters for the different pipes at the same time. This can be done by following these steps:

1. Open the attribute table v2_pipe. [1]

2. Select Toggle editing mode and in the top right corner. [2]

3. Select Switch to table view with the button in the lower right corner. [3]

4. Select the parameter that needs to be adjusted in the box above the table. [4]

5. Fill in the value that needs to be inputted. [5]

6. and choose Adjust all. [6]

Table 30 General

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
Id	N/A	The id’s are already filled in
display_name:	N/A	The display names are already filled in
Code	N/A	The codes are already filled in
Calculation_type	1: Isolated	See below
Dist_calc_points	1000	See below

Calculation type: You have different choices for the calculation type. You can choose between embedded, isolated, connected, broad crest en short crest. An elaborated explanation of these calculation types can be found in the 3Di documentation: Types of 1D elements (calculation types). In this model, we set the calculation_type for all pipes to ‘isolated’. This means that the 1D pipe cannot exchange water.

Dist_calc_points: This parameter controls the distance between the calculation points on the pipe. In this tutorial, set this parameter to 1000. Since all pipes are shorter than 1000 m, this means that there are no calculation points on the pipes; the water levels, velocities and discharges are calculated on the connection nodes.

Table 31 Characteristics

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
Invert_level_start_point	N/A	The start invert level is the level of the pipe at the start of the pipe; these are already filled in
Invert_level_end_point	N/A	The end invert level is the level of the pipe at the end of the pipe; these are already filled in
Friction_value	0.0145	Default Manning friction value for concrete pipes
Calculation_type	2: Manning
Cross_section_definition_id	N/A	Link to the v2_cross_section_definition table, where the cross sections of the pipes are defined. These are already filled in.
Material	N/A	Already filled in

Table 32 Visualization

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
Sewerage_type	N/A	Already filled in. ‘0:mixed’, since we are modelling a mixed sewerage system.
Zoom_level	N/A	Already filled in. This parameter determines the visibility in the 3Di live site.

Table 33 Characteristics

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
Connection_node_start_id	N/A	Already filled in; the connection node that is connected to the start of the pipe.
Connection_node_end_id	N/A	Already filled in; the connection node that is connected to the end of the pipe.

Complete the v2_manhole settings

The different pipes in the model are connected via connection nodes. Open de v2_connection_nodes attribute table. As you can see in this table, each connection node has an id, code and a storage area. For a 1D sewerage model, you do not have to fill in the initial water levels for the connection nodes. The model will then be empty at the start of each model run. All parameters in the v2_connection_nodes table are already filled in, so you can close the table again.

Next, open the v2_manhole attribute table. Each connection node is connected to a manhole. The different parameters for these manholes can be set in the v2_manhole table. The values and a short explanation of the parameters are given in the tables below. To save time, it is recommended to adjust the parameters for the different manholes simultaneously. This can be done in the same manner as was described for the v2_pipe table.

Table 34 General

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
Id	N/A	The id’s are already filled in
display_name	N/A	The display names are already filled in
Code	N/A	The codes are already filled in
Connection_node_id	N/A	The id of the connection node that is connected to the manhole. These are already filled in.
Calculation_type	1: isolated or 2: connected	See below

Calculation_type: You can choose here between embedded, isolated and connected. An elaborated explanation of these calculation types can be found in the 3Di documentation: Types of 1D elements (calculation types). As was described above, the calculation type depends on the manhole type. Set the calculation type to ‘connected’ for inspection manholes, by following these steps:

1. Open the attribute table v2_manhole. [1]

2. Select Toggle editing mode and in the top right corner. [2]

3. Select Switch to table view with the button in the lower right corner. [3]

4. Select the parameter that needs to be adjusted in the box above the table. [4]

5. Fill in the value that needs to be inputted. [5]

6. and choose Adjust all. [6]

By setting the calculation type of the inspection manholes to ‘connected’, these manholes can exchange with a storage area that was defined in the global settings with the parameter manhole_storage_area (under Options_1D ). As soon as the water level in the manhole exceeds the drain level, the water in the manhole can exchange with a storage area that has a surface area of 100 m2.

In the same manner, set the calculation type of the manhole features that are either outlets or pump station to ‘1: isolated’. By setting the calculation type of these manholes to isolated, these manholes cannot exchange water with the surface.

Table 35 Characteristics

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
Shape	00: square	Are already filled in
Width	N/A	Are already filled in
Length	N/A	Are already filled in, usually 0.8 is chosen.
Surface_level	N/A	Are already filled in. See below
Drain_level	Surface_level – 0.15	See below
Bottom_level	N/A	Are already filled in. See below

Bottom level, drain level and surface level: For each manhole, you have to enter 3 levels, that are visualized in the figure below.

• The bottom level represents the bottom of the manhole

• The surface level represents the top of the manhole

• The drain level is a level that is introduced in 3Di to indicate the water exchange level. In reality, the drain level and the surface level are the same. However, a model is a simplification of a real-world situation. This is visualized in the figure below, which depicts a road with a manhole in the middle and two road gullies at either side of the road, where the top of the two road gullies lies somewhat lower than the top of the manhole. In this tutorial, this is schematized as a single manhole with a sewerage pipe. In reality, the water in the sewerage system will start exchanging with the surface when the water level in the system exceeds the top of the road gullies. These gullies are not schematized in this model and therefore an extra level, the drain level, is introduced.

In the .sqlite, the surface levels are already entered, but the drain levels are not yet filled in. We want to set these drain levels 15 cm below the surface level. This can be done by following these steps:

1. Open the attribute table v2_manhole. [1]

2. Select Toggle editing mode and in the top right corner. [2]

3. Select Switch to table view with the button in the lower right corner. [3]

4. Open the field calculator. [4]

5. Select Bestanden velden verniewen. [5]

6. select the parameter “drain_level”. [6]

7. Type the following expression in the box: “surface_level” -0.15. [7]

8. Press OK. [8]

Table 36 Visualization

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
Zoom_category
Manhole_indicator	0: inspection, 1: outlet or 2: pumpstation	See below

Manhole_indicator: This parameter indicates the type of manhole. Although this parameter does not influence the 3Di calculations, it is still recommended to use it since it will make the visual overview of the model in the Modeller Interface better understandable. You can distinguish between inspection, outlet and pumpstation. In the .sqlite, the manhole_indicator for the different manholes is already set.

Complete the v2_weir settings

Since the model in the .sqlite is a mixed sewerage system, the outlets in the model are all connected to a weir. Only if the water level exceeds the crest level of the weir, water can flow out of the sewerage system. Also, there are 6 internal weirs included in the model. The different parameters for these weirs can be set in the v2_weir table. The values and a short explanation of the parameters are given in the tables below. To save time, it is recommended to adjust the parameters for the different pipes at the same time. This can be done in the same manner as was described for the v2_pipe table.

Table 37 General

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
Id	N/A	The id’s are already filled in
display_name	N/A	The display names are already filled in
Code	N/A	The codes are already filled in

Table 38 Characteristics

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
Crest_level	N/A	The crest levels are already filled in
Crest_type	N/A	The crest types are already filled in
Discharge_coefficient_positive	0,8
Discharge_coefficient_negative	0,8
Friction_value	0,02	Default Manning friction value for a short crested weir.
Friction_typ	Manning
Cross_section_definition_id	N/A	Link to the v2_cross_section_definition table, where the cross sections of the weirs are defined. These are already filled in.

Table 39 Visualization

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
Zoom_category	N/A	Determines the visibility in the 3Di live site; already filled in
Sewerage	Yes	Already filled in
External	No	Already filled in

Table 40 Connection nodes

Setting	Value for this tutorial	Comments
Connection_node_start_id	N/A	Already filled in
Connection_node_end_id	N/A	Already filled in

Complete the v2_pumpstation settings

At some locations in the 1D sewerage system, pumpstations schematized in the model. The different parameters for these pumpstations can be set in the attribute table v2_pumpstation. Open the attribute table to see these parameters. In this tutorial, the different parameters for the pumpstations are already schematized in the model, so we don’t have to change anything. More details on the parameters in the v2_pumpstation table can be found in this general overview: Pumps.

Complete the v2_boundary_conditions settings

Each outlet of the 1D model consists of a weir connected to a 1D boundary condition. These boundary conditions can be found in the attribute table v2_1d_boundary_conditions. Open the attribute table to see these conditions. In this tutorial, the boundary conditions for the different outlets are already inputted in the model, so we don’t have to change anything. Note that the boundary conditions are all water level boundaries, where the water level is set to -10 m for the entire computation time of the model. Since the level of the sewerage pipes and manholes is much higher than -10 m, this means that water can always flow out of the model, once it reaches a level higher than the crest level of the weirs.

Complete the v2_impervious_surface settings

The input for the 1D model in this tutorial comes from the 0D inflow module in 3Di. In this module, the rainfall volume is calculated for each time step and each 0D surface individually (area x rainfall intensity x time step). Based on the formulation of the impervious area, the discharge hydro-graph (discharge over time) is calculated as a lateral discharge on its downstream 1D connection node. More information on the 0D inflow module can be found in the 3Di documentation: Rainfall.

In order to add impervious surfaces for 0D inflow to the model, we need the v2_impervious_surface table and the v2_impervious_surface_map table. In the v2_impervious_surface table, the different surfaces are defined. Subsequently, these surfaces are linked to a connection node in the v2_impervious_surface_map table. We are now going to add a surface for 0D inflow to the model:

1. Open the attribute table v2_impervious_surface. [1]

2. Select Toggle editing mode in the top right corner. [2]

3. Select Object polygoon toevoegen. [3]

4. Draw a new polygon in the model and right-click when the surface is ready.

5. A pop-up screen appears where different parameters need to be filled in.

6. Fill in the surface_class. You can choose which class you want to add. [4]

7. Fill in the surface_inclination. You can choose which inclination you want to add. [5]

8. click on OK and save your changes. [6]

9. Remember the id of the surface that you just added.

10. Select the v2_impervious_surface_map attribute table. [1]

11. Select Toggle editing mode in the top right corner. [2]

12. Select Add feature. [3]

13. Enter the id of the surface that you just added as ‘impervious_surface_id’. [4]

14. Enter the id of the connection node that you want to link to the surface as the ‘connection_node_id’. [5]

15. Set the percentage to 100. This means that 100% of the rainfall that falls on the surface is discharged to the connection node. [6]

16. Choose OK and save your changes.

Model validation

A short description of the model validation is given here. A comprehensive guide with visual support is provided in Tutorial 1 (Post-processing) and for a general guide see Checking the model schematisation.

Verify the model schematisation using the schematisation checker

Before sending the model to the web portal we want to check the schematization. We can use the schematization checker for this. It checks the model tables for many possible errors that cause the model to crash when you want to compile the model. In order to check your model schematization, follow these steps:

1. Select the commands for working with 3Di models button. On the right of your screen, a tab “3Di” will open. [1]

2. Expand the “Step 1 – Check data” line and click on the raster checker. [2]

3. In the pop-up screen, select ‘spatialite: 1D_gemengd’ and click OK.

The following screen will appear:

The output file is an excel file in which all warnings and errors that were found are listed. You may get a few errors that are known errors in the schematization checker. These errors will be removed in the future and may be ignored for now. These errors include:

• “Value in v2_aggregation_settings.aggregation_in_space should be of the type integer”

• “Invalid timeseries”

• “Pumpstation.lower_stop_level should be higher than Manhole.bottom_level”

If you do not get any further warnings or errors, your model is successfully validated and is ready to upload to the web portal.

Model activation

A short description of the model activation is given here. A comprehensive guidance with visual support is provided in Tutorial 2 (model_activation).

Upload your model

See Uploading the Schematisation for how to upload your model.

The model is now also available on the 3Di Livesite and the management screens.

Run your model

You have now build a 1D flow model for a mixed sewerage system! You can now run your model via the 3Di Live Site (Login to the Live Site) or via the 3Di Modeller Interface (Using the Modeller Interface). It will be available under the name you gave it.